Molecular Hydrogen and its effects on Schizophrenia

August 20, 2022Sagar GolaNews173 comments

Schizophrenia?

Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior that impairs daily functioning, and can be disabling.
People with schizophrenia require lifelong treatment. Early treatment may help get symptoms under control before serious complications develop and may help improve the long-term outlook.

Mitochondria and Schizophrenia

Mitochondrial dysfunction in schizophrenia is frequently reported. Moreover, mitochondrial disorders can present with psychosis. mtDNA plays a role in the neurobiology of schizophrenia. Mitochondrial gene expression is changed in schizophrenia. The number of mitochondria in schizophrenia is reduced compared to normal controls. This change in mitochondria may be associated with differential responsiveness to treatment. However, it is not clear whether this number is adaptive or an etiological link to this disorder.

Schizophrenia and Oxidative stress

The role of oxidative stress in the neurobiology of schizophrenia is a promising target to provide new therapeutic interventions]. This is grounded on data that the antioxidant defense system is impaired in schizophrenia. In comparison to normal controls, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) are decreased while the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) are increased in chronic schizophrenia. Reduced cellular respiration and complex I abnormalities in schizophrenia are possible endophenotypic biomarkers for schizophrenia. Furthermore, the severity of neurological soft signs in patients with schizophrenia is associated with the level of decreased superoxide dismutase activity.

What Hydrogen does?

Hydrogen gas has many biological properties that make it an appealing candidate agent for a diversity of disorders sharing inflammatory, oxidative, and apoptotic mechanisms. Hydrogen is hypothesized as a potential therapy for different oxidative stress-related diseases like Autism, Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, etc. Drinking water enriched with hydrogen was shown to decreases oxidative stress through scavenging hydroxyl radicals. As myDNA plays a role in the neurobiology of schizophrenia, a randomized controlled trial indicated that hydrogen-enriched water decreased mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation in patients with mitochondrial myopathies. Due to its very small molecular size, hydrogen can easily penetrate organelles such as mitochondria as well as the nucleus. It is inert at room temperature and in the absence of catalysts. It additionally easily crosses the blood-brain barrier, which facilitates access to the target organs and subcellular components.

Hydrogen reacts with free hydroxyl radicals but does not appear to react to other reactive oxygen species. This is a theoretical advantage, as low levels of these radicals have physiologically relevant signaling effects. It protects against secondary oxidative damage to the brain in a variety of models by reacting with hydroxyl radicals. Hydroxyl radical is produced via the Fenton reaction in submitochondrial particles under oxidative stress. Molecular hydrogen (H2) reacts with strong oxidants, such as hydroxyl and nitrosyl radicals in cells, allowing to use of its potential for preventive and therapeutic applications in situations with excessive free radicals formation.

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